Carbodiimide-fueled reaction cycles

In 2017, the Boekhoven Lab described the first example of a carbodiimide-fueled reaction cycle that we used to regulate molecular self-assembly (1). Practically simultaneously, the group of Scott Hartley published work using the same reaction cycle.(2)

The reaction cycles are versatile—it can regulate the supramolecular behavior of many different carboxylates.
It is simple—most laboratories have the needed ingredients: MES buffer, EDC, and a carboxylic acid.

As a result, the carbodiimide-driven reaction cycle and variations of it have been used by many other research teams worldwide to regulate self-assembly, phase separation, ratchets, motors, and many other supramolecular systems. Below, we curate a database with all the work using the carbodiimide-fueled reaction cycle and variations of it.

Feel free to contact us, if there is work missing.

References

1. M. Tena-Solsona, B. Rieß, R. K. Grötsch, F. C. Löhrer, C. Wanzke, B. Käsdorf, A. R. Bausch, P. Müller-Buschbaum, O. Lieleg, J. Boekhoven, Nature Communications 2017, 8, 15895.

2. L. S. Kariyawasam, C. S. Hartley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 11949–11955.

Manuscripts that use carbodiimide fueled reaction cycles

Authors	PI	Title	Journal	Year	Topic
Wang, G. Nan, M. et al.	Liu	Recent progress of fuel-driven temporary materials	Authorea	2023	Materials
Rajawasam, C. Tran, C. et al.	Hartley, Konkolewicz	Chemically Fueled Reinforcement of Polymer Materials	JACS	2023	Materials
Kriebisch, B. Kriebisch, C. et al.	Boekhoven	Tuning the Kinetic Trapping in Chemically Fueled Self‐Assembly	ChemSystemsChem	2023	Materials
Kriebisch, C. Burger, L. et al.	Boekhoven	Template-based information transfer in chemically fueled dynamic combinatorial librar-ies	Research Square	2023	Dynamic combinatorial library
Chen, X. Würbser, M. et al.	Boekhoven	Chemically Fueled Supramolecular Materials	Accounts of Materials Research	2023	Materials
Chen, X. Stasi, M. et al.	Boekhoven	A Carbodiimide-Fueled Reaction Cycle That Forms Transient 5 (4 H)-Oxazolones	JACS	2023	New reaction cycle
Englert, A. Vogel, J. et al.	von Delius	A Ribonucleotide↔ Phosphoramidate Reaction Network Optimized by Computer-Aided Design	JACS	2022	New reaction cycle
Xu, H. Bai, S. et al.	Wang	Bioinspired Self-Resettable Hydrogel Actuators Powered by a Chemical Fuel	ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces	2022	Materials
Zong, Z. Zhang, Q. et al.	Qu	Dynamic Timing Control of Molecular Photoluminescent Systems	Chemistry–A European Journal	2022	Materials
Borsley, S. Leigh, D. et al.	Leigh	Tuning the force, speed, and efficiency of an autonomous chemically fueled information ratchet	JACS	2022	Ratchet, pumps, and motors
Borsley, S. Leigh, D. et al.	Leigh	Chemical fuels for molecular machinery	Nature Chemistry	2022	Ratchet, pumps, and motors
Borsley, S. Kreidt, E. et al.	Leigh	Autonomous fuelled directional rotation about a covalent single bond	Nature	2022	Ratchet, pumps, and motors
Hossain, M. Jayalath, I. et al.	Hartley	Carbodiimide-Induced Formation of Transient Polyether Cages	ChemSystemsChem	2022	Cages
Mondal, A. Toyoda, R. et al.	Feringa	Chemically driven rotatory molecular machines	Angewandte Chemie	2022	Ratchet, pumps, and motors
Mo, K. Zhang, Y. et al.	Feringa	Intrinsically unidirectional chemically fuelled rotary molecular motors	Nature	2022	Ratchet, pumps, and motors
Del Giudice, D. Spatola, E. et al.	Di Stefano	Dissipative Dynamic Libraries (DDLs) and Dissipative Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry (DDCC)	ChemSystemsChem	2022	Dynamic combinatorial library
Benny, R. Sahoo, D. et al.	De	Recent Advances in Fuel‐Driven Molecular Switches and Machines	ChemistryOpen	2022	Ratchet, pumps, and motors
Donau, C. Boekhoven, J. et al.	Boekhoven	The chemistry of chemically fueled droplets	Trends in Chemistry	2022	Synthetic cells
Stasi, M. Monferrer, A. et al.	Boekhoven	Regulating DNA-Hybridization Using a Chemically Fueled Reaction Cycle	JACS	2022	DNA nanotechnology
Donau, C. Späth, F. et al.	Boekhoven	Phase Transitions in Chemically Fueled, Multiphase Complex Coacervate Droplets	Angewandte Chemie	2022	Synthetic cells
Bergmann, A. Donau, C. et al.	Boekhoven	Evolution and Single‐Droplet Analysis of Fuel‐Driven Compartments by Droplet‐Based Microfluidics	Angewandte Chemie	2022	Methods
Schwarz, P. Tena-Solsona, M. et al.	Boekhoven	Carbodiimide-fueled catalytic reaction cycles to regulate supramolecular processes	Chemical Comms.	2022	Materials
Schnitter, F. Rieß, B. et al.	Boekhoven	Memory, switches, and an OR-port through bistability in chemically fueled crystals	Nature Comms.	2022	Materials
Rodon-Fores, J. Würbser, M. et al.	Boekhoven	A chemically fueled supramolecular glue for self-healing gels	Chemical Science	2022	Materials
Yao, Z. Kuang, Y. et al.	Ardoña	Carbodiimide-fueled assembly of π-conjugated peptides regulated by electrostatic interactions	ChemSystemsChem	2022	Materials
Panja, S. Adams, D. et al.	Adams	Chemical crosslinking in ‘reactive’multicomponent gels	Chemical Comms.	2022	Materials
Lang, X. Thumu, U. et al.	Zhao	Chemical fuel-driven transient polymeric micelle nanoreactors toward reversible trapping and reaction acceleration	Chemical Comms.	2021	Materials
Heckel, J. Loescher, S. et al.	Walther	Chemically fueled volume phase transition of polyacid microgels	Angewandte Chemie	2021	Materials
Heckel, J. Batti, F. et al.	Walther	Spinodal decomposition of chemically fueled polymer solutions	Soft Matter	2021	Materials
Wang, Q. Qi, Z. et al.	Qu	Out‐of‐equilibrium supramolecular self‐assembling systems driven by chemical fuel	Aggregate	2021	Materials
Niebuur, B. Hegels, H. et al.	Papdakis, Boekhoven	Droplet Formation by Chemically Fueled Self-Assembly: The Role of Precursor Hydrophobicity	J. Phys. Chem. B.	2021	Synthetic cells
M. Ha , S. Nader, et al.	Michaelis, Boekhoven	Racing Towards Fast and Effective 17O Isotopic Labeling and NMR Spectroscopy of N-formyl-MLF-OH and Associated Building Blocks	J. Phys. Chem. B	2021	Methods
Borsley, S. Leigh, D. et al.	Leigh	A doubly kinetically-gated information ratchet autonomously driven by carbodiimide hydration	JACS	2021	Ratchet, pumps, and motors
Dodo, O. Petit, L. et al.	Hartley, Konkolewicz	Tailoring lifetimes and properties of carbodiimide-fueled covalently cross-linked polymer networks	Macromolecules	2021	Materials
Jayalath, I. Gerken, M. et al.	Hartley	Substituent effects on transient, carbodiimide-induced geometry changes in diphenic acids	J. Organic Chemistry	2021	Design rules
Kariyawasam, L. Hossain, M. et al.	Hartley	The transient covalent bond in abiotic nonequilibrium systems	Angewandte Chemie	2021	Design rules
Mondal, S. Haldar, D. et al.	Haldar	A transient non-covalent hydrogel by a supramolecular gelator with dynamic covalent bonds	New Journal of Chemistry	2021	Materials
Schnitter, F. Boekhoven, J. et al.	Boekhoven	A method to quench carbodiimide‐fueled self‐assembly	ChemSystemsChem	2021	Methods
Schnitter, F. Bergmann, A. et al.	Boekhoven	Synthesis and characterization of chemically fueled supramolecular materials driven by carbodiimide-based fuels	Nature Protocols	2021	Methods
Würbser, M. Schwarz, P. et al.	Boekhoven	Chemically Fueled Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly into Transient Nanoreactors	ChemSystemsChem	2021	Materials
Dai, K. Tena-Solsona, M. et al.	Boekhoven	Morphological transitions in chemically fueled self-assembly	Nanoscale	2021	Materials
Schwarz, P. Tebcharani, L. et al.	Boekhoven	Chemically fueled materials with a self-immolative mechanism: transient materials with a fast on/off response	Chemical Science	2021	Materials
Späth, F. Donau, C. et al.	Boekhoven	Molecular design of chemically fueled peptide–polyelectrolyte coacervate-based assemblies	JACS	2021	Materials
Schwarz, P. Laha, S. et al.	Boekhoven	Parasitic behavior in competing chemically fueled reaction cycles	Chemical Science	2021	Materials
Kriebisch, C. Bergmann, A. et al.	Boekhoven	Fuel-driven dynamic combinatorial libraries	JACS	2021	Dynamic combinatorial library
Kretschmer, M. Winkeljann, B. et al.	Boekhoven	Viscoelastic behavior of chemically fueled supramolecular Materials under load and influence of reaction side products	Comms. Materials	2021	Materials
Cheng, M. Qian, C. et al.	Wang	Writable and self-erasable hydrogel based on dissipative assembly process from multiple carboxyl tetraphenylethylene derivative	ACS Materials Letters	2020	Materials
Wang, G. Liu, S. et al.	Liu	Strategies to construct a chemical‐fuel‐driven self‐assembly	ChemSystemsChem	2020	Design rules
Jayalath, I. Wang, H. et al.	Hartley	Chemically fueled transient geometry changes in diphenic acids	Organic Letters	2020	Design rules
Hossain, M. Atkinson, J. et al.	Hartley	Dissipative assembly of macrocycles comprising multiple transient bonds	Angewandte Chemie	2020	Materials
Leng, Z. Peng, F. et al.	Hao	Chemical‐fuel‐driven assembly in macromolecular science: Recent advances and challenges	ChemPlusChem	2020	Materials
Kriebisch, B. Jussupow, A. et al.	Boekhoven	Reciprocal coupling in chemically fueled assembly: a reaction cycle regulates self-assembly and vice versa	JACS	2020	Materials
Dai, K. Fores, J. et al.	Boekhoven	Regulating chemically fueled peptide assemblies by molecular design	JACS	2020	Design rules
Rieß, B. Grötsch, R. et al.	Boekhoven	The design of dissipative molecular assemblies driven by chemical reaction cycles	Chem	2020	Design rules
Wanzke, C. Jussupow, A. et al.	Boekhoven	Dynamic vesicles formed by dissipative self‐assembly	ChemSystemsChem	2020	Materials
Tena-Solsona, M. Janssen, J. et al.	Boekhoven	Kinetic Control over droplet ripening in fuel-driven active emulsions	ChemSystemsChem	2020	Synthetic cells
Donau, C. Späth, F. et al.	Boekhoven	Active coacervate droplets as a model for membraneless organelles and a platform towards synthetic life	Nature Comms.	2020	Synthetic cells
Panja, S. Dietrich, B. et al.	Adams	Chemically Fuelled Self‐Regulating Gel‐to‐Gel Transition	ChemSystemsChem	2020	Materials
Zhang, B. Jayalath, I. et al.	Konkolewicz, Hartley	Chemically fueled covalent crosslinking of polymer materials	Chemical Comms.	2019	Materials
Kariyawasam, L. Kron, J. et al.	Hartley	Structure–property effects in the generation of transient aqueous benzoic acid anhydrides by carbodiimide fuels	J. Organic Chemistry	2019	Design rules
Bal, S. Das, K. et al.	Das	Chemically fueled dissipative self‐assembly that exploits cooperative catalysis	Angewandte Chemie	2019	Materials
Grötsch, R. Wanzke, C. et al.	Boekhoven	Pathway dependence in the fuel-driven dissipative self-assembly of nanoparticles	JACS	2019	Materials
Rieß, B. Wanzke, C. et al.	Boekhoven	Dissipative assemblies that inhibit their deactivation	Soft Matter	2018	Materials
Rieß, B. Boekhoven, J. et al.	Boekhoven	Applications of dissipative supramolecular materials with a tunable lifetime	ChemNanoMat	2018	Materials
Grötsch, R. Angı, A. et al.	Boekhoven	Dissipative Self‐Assembly of Photoluminescent Silicon Nanocrystals	Angewandte Chemie	2018	Materials
Tena-Solsona, M. Wanzke, C. et al.	Boekhoven	Self-selection of dissipative assemblies driven by primitive chemical reaction networks	Nature Comms.	2018	Dynamic combinatorial library
Grötsch, R. Boekhoven, J. et al.	Boekhoven	Unique properties of supramolecular biomaterials through nonequilibrium self-assembly	Self-assembling Biomaterials	2018	Materials
Kariyawasam, L. Hartley, C. S. et al.	Hartley	Dissipative assembly of aqueous carboxylic acid anhydrides fueled by carbodiimides	JACS	2017	Materials
Tena-Solsona, M. Rieß, B. et al.	Boekhoven	Non-equilibrium dissipative supramolecular materials with a tunable lifetime	Nature Comms.	2017	Materials